Corrigendum to "Multiband rabi antenna using nest microstrip add-drop filter (NMADF) for relativistic sensing applications" [Heliyon 9(2) (February 2023) e13611].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13611.].

An exploratory simulation study and prediction model on human brain behavior and activity using an integration of deep neural network and biosensor Rabi antenna.

The plasmonic antenna probe is constructed using a silver rod embedded in a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) ad-drop filter. Rabi antennas are formed when space-time control reaches two levels of system oscillation and can be used as human brain sensor probes. Photonic neural networks are designed using brain-Rabi antenna communication, and transmissions are connected via neurons. Communication signals are carried by electron spin (up and down) and adjustable Rabi frequency. Hidden variables and deep brain signals can be obtained by external detection. A Rabi antenna has been developed by simulation using computer simulation technology (CST) software. Additionally, a communication device has been developed that uses the Optiwave program with Finite-Difference Time-Domain (OptiFDTD). The output signal is plotted using the MATLAB program with the parameters of the OptiFDTD simulation results. The proposed antenna oscillates in the frequency range of 192 THz to 202 THz with a maximum gain of 22.4 dBi. The sensitivity of the sensor is calculated along with the result of electron spin and applied to form a human brain connection. Moreover, intelligent machine learning algorithms are proposed to identify high-quality transmissions and predict the behavior of transmissions in the near future. During the process, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.3332(±0.2338) was obtained. Finally, it can be said that our proposed model can efficiently predict human mind, thoughts, behavior as well as action/reaction, which can be greatly helpful in the diagnosis of various neuro-degenerative/psychological diseases (such as Alzheimer's, dementia, etc.) and for security purposes.

Multiband Rabi antenna using nest microstrip add-drop filter (NMADF) for relativistic sensing applications.

A microstrip circuit is designed, constructed, and tested based on the nest microstrip add-drop filters (NMADF). The multi-level system oscillation is generated by the wave-particle behaviors of AC driven along the microstrip ring circular path. The continuous successive filtering is applied via the device input port. The higher-order harmonic oscillations can be filtered, from which the two-level system known as a Rabi oscillation is achieved. The outside microstrip ring energy is coupled to the inside rings, from which the multiband Rabi oscillations can be formed within the inner rings. The resonant Rabi frequencies can be applied for multi-sensing probes. The relationship between electron density and Rabi oscillation frequency of each microstrip ring output can be obtained and used for multi-sensing probe applications. The relativistic sensing probe can be obtained by the warp speed electron distribution at the resonant Rabi frequency respecting the resonant ring radii. These are available for relativistic sensing probe usage. The obtained experimental results have shown that there are 3-center Rabi frequencies obtained, which can be used for 3-sensing probes simultaneously. The sensing probe speeds of 1.1c, 1.4c, and 1.5c are obtained using the microstrip ring radii of 14.20, 20.12, and 34.49 mm, respectively. The best sensor sensitivity of 1.30 ms is achieved. The relativistic sensing platform can be used for many applications.

Optical configuration of an N ∶ 2N reversible decoder using a LiNbO3-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

These days when integrated circuit (IC) designers are facing an uphill task in limiting energy/heat dissipation, reversible computing is emerging as a potential candidate with vast application in fields like nanotechnology, quantum-dot cellular automata, and low power IC. Optical reversible logics have turned up to offer high speed and low energy computations with almost no loss of input information when a certain (arithmetic or logical) operation is performed. This paper explores an optical implementation of an optimized Fredkin gate that is employed to design an $ N:2^N $ reversible decoder. The optical designs have been carried out using the electro-optic effect of a lithium niobate ($ {{\rm LiNbO}_3}$)-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer under the beam propagation method (BPM) with Optiwave's OptiBPM tool. The mathematical model of output power of these designs is also performed along with its validation in MATLAB.

Hall effect sensors using polarized electron cloud spin orientation control.

A silicon microring circuit embedded gold film with unique characteristics is proposed for Hall effect, current, and temperature sensing applications. The microring circuit is operated by the input polarized laser sources, in which the space-time distortion control can be employed. A gold film is embedded at the microring center. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated and applied for plasmonic waves, from which the trapped electron cloud oscillation is formed. Through the input port, the input polarized light of 1.55 µm wavelength fed into the space-time control circuit. Spin-up |↑〉(|0〉) and spin-down |↓〉(|1〉) of polarized electrons result when the gold film is illuminated by the WGM. The electric current passing through the gold film generates a magnetic field (B), which is orthogonal to the electric field. Hall voltage is obtained at the output of the circuit, from which the microring space-time circuit can operate for Hall's effect, current, and temperature sensing device. The simulation results obtained have shown that when the input power of 100-500 mW is applied, the optimum Hall effect, current, and temperature sensitivities are 0.12 µVT-1 , 0.9 µVA-1 , and 6.0 × 10-2 µVK-1 , respectively. The Hall effects, current, and temperature sensors have an optimum response time of 1.9 fs.

3D-quantum interferometer using silicon microring-embedded gold grating circuit.

A 3D (three-dimensional) quantum interferometer consisting of a silicon microring circuit proposed. The interferometer based on the electron spin cloud projections generated by microring-embedded gold grating. The electron cloud oscillations result from the excitation of the gold grating at the center of the silicon microring by the dark soliton pulse of 1.50 µm center wavelength. The electron cloud spin-down, spin-up automatically formed in the two axes (x, y, respectively) and propagated along the z-axis. In this proposal, the sensing mechanism of the circuit is manipulated by varying the reflector gold lengths of the sensing arm. The electron cloud spin coupled and changed by changing the gold lengths. The sensitivity measurement of the 3D quantum interferometer for three gold layer lengths of 100 nm, 500 nm, and 1,000 nm is (47.62 nm fs-1 , ±0.4762 fs-1 , ±0.01 nm-1 ), (238.10 nm fs-1 , ±0.4762 fs-1 , ±0.002 nm-1 ), (476.20 nm fs-1 , ±0.4762 fs-1 , ±0.001 nm-1 ), respectively. The used circuit parameters are the real ones that can be fabricated by the currently available technology. Moreover, the silicon micro ring circuit acts as a plasmonic antenna, which can apply for wireless quantum communication. The electron cloud spin projection space-time control can apply for quantum cellular automata.

Analytical microring stereo system using coupled mode theory and application.

A stereo resonating system, including two cascaded Panda resonators with two small rings is proposed as a microscale active stereo system. The optical transfer functions of the Panda stereo system for two input ports and one output port are derived using the coupled mode theory. The feasibility of the Panda stereo system to realize three-dimensional content is investigated by applying different coupling coefficients and materials to each Panda resonator. The effect of the coupling strength of the ${3} \times {3}$3×3 coupler on the output light is also studied. It is interesting that a portion of input light into the Panda stereo system can undergo a wavelength shift and an intensity shift by adjusting the coupling coefficients of the ${3} \times {3}$3×3 coupler together with fine-tuning the refractive index of one of the Panda resonators. Results show that a change of the ${3} \times {3}$3×3 coupler brings about a shift from 0.1 to 37 dB in light transmission and applying a change of $\delta n = 0.01$δn=0.01 in the refractive index of one of the Panda resonators generated a phase shift larger than $\pi /{4}$π/4, which is required for image depth reconstruction. The advantages of the proposed Panda stereo system compared to the conventional stereo technology are low cost and a microsize, with a simple structure and the ability to work in a different wavelength spectrum range.

Molecular orbitals of delocalized electron clouds in neuronal domains.

We have further developed the two-brains hypothesis as a form of complementarity (or complementary relationship) of endogenously induced weak magnetic fields in the electromagnetic brain. The locally induced magnetic field between electron magnetic dipole moments of delocalized electron clouds in neuronal domains is complementary to the exogenous electromagnetic waves created by the oscillating molecular dipoles in the electro-ionic brain. In this paper, we mathematically model the operation of the electromagnetic grid, especially in regard to the functional role of atomic orbitals of dipole-bound delocalized electrons. A quantum molecular dynamic approach under quantum equilibrium conditions is taken to illustrate phase differences between quasi-free electrons tethered to an oscillating molecular core. We use a simplified version of the many-body problem to analytically solve the macro-quantum wave equation (equivalent to the Kohn-Sham equation). The resultant solution for the mechanical angular momentum can be used to approximate the molecular orbital of the dipole-bound delocalized electrons. In addition to non-adiabatic motion of the molecular core, 'guidance waves' may contribute to the delocalized macro-quantum wave functions in generating nonlocal phase correlations. The intrinsic magnetic properties of the origins of the endogenous electromagnetic field are considered to be a nested hierarchy of electromagnetic fields that may also include electromagnetic patterns in three-dimensional space. The coupling between the two-brains may involve an 'anticipatory affect' based on the conceptualization of anticipation as potentiality, arising either from the macro-quantum potential energy or from the electrostatic effects of residual charges in the quantum and classical subsystems of the two-brains that occurs through partitioning of the potential energy of the combined quantum molecular dynamic system.

Introduction to Photonics: Principles and the Most Recent Applications of Microstructures.

Light has found applications in data transmission, such as optical fibers and waveguides and in optoelectronics. It consists of a series of electromagnetic waves, with particle behavior. Photonics involves the proper use of light as a tool for the benefit of humans. It is derived from the root word "photon", which connotes the tiniest entity of light analogous to an electron in electricity. Photonics have a broad range of scientific and technological applications that are practically limitless and include medical diagnostics, organic synthesis, communications, as well as fusion energy. This will enhance the quality of life in many areas such as communications and information technology, advanced manufacturing, defense, health, medicine, and energy. The signal transmission methods used in wireless photonic systems are digital baseband and RoF (Radio-over-Fiber) optical communication. Microwave photonics is considered to be one of the emerging research fields. The mid infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy offers a principal means for biological structure analysis as well as nonintrusive measurements. There is a lower loss in the propagations involving waveguides. Waveguides have simple structures and are cost-efficient in comparison with optical fibers. These are important components due to their compactness, low profile, and many advantages over conventional metallic waveguides. Among the waveguides, optofluidic waveguides have been found to provide a very powerful foundation for building optofluidic sensors. These can be used to fabricate the biosensors based on fluorescence. In an optical fiber, the evanescent field excitation is employed to sense the environmental refractive index changes. Optical fibers as waveguides can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure, displacements, vibrations, and other quantities by modifying a fiber. For some application areas, however, fiber-optic sensors are increasingly recognized as a technology with very interesting possibilities. In this review, we present the most common and recent applications of the optical fiber-based sensors. These kinds of sensors can be fabricated by a modification of the waveguide structures to enhance the evanescent field; therefore, direct interactions of the measurand with electromagnetic waves can be performed. In this research, the most recent applications of photonics components are studied and discussed.

All-optical wireless wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing using resonant cavity.

The potential capability of wireless wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing can enable the next development of smaller photonic counterparts for network architectures. This paper numerically represents a new design of a wireless transmission in C-band infrared wavelengths within two identical resonant cavities between photonic chips. This system consists of an H1 rod-type two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) microcavity, which can be operated as both a transmitter and a receiver without interfering with the signal in each PhC waveguide. By using the point-to-point oscillatory light-field exchange between resonant cavities, two independent photonic circuits are linked with each other. The obtained results show that the multi-resonance wavelengths in one chip can be transferred to another chip located far away by ten times the highest resonance wavelength. Such a device can be useful for integrated optical circuit interconnect and small-scale sensors between photonic chips.

Planning a sports training program using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization with emphasis on physiological constraints.

OBJECTIVE: An effective training plan is an important factor in sports training to enhance athletic performance. A poorly considered training plan may result in injury to the athlete, and overtraining. Good training plans normally require expert input, which may have a cost too great for many athletes, particularly amateur athletes. The objectives of this research were to create a practical cycling training plan that substantially improves athletic performance while satisfying essential physiological constraints. Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization using ɛ-constraint methods were used to formulate such a plan and simulate the likely performance outcomes. The physiological constraints considered in this study were monotony, chronic training load ramp rate and daily training impulse. RESULTS: A comparison of results from our simulations against a training plan from British Cycling, which we used as our standard, showed that our training plan outperformed the benchmark in terms of both athletic performance and satisfying all physiological constraints.

Analytical and simulation results of a triple micro whispering gallery mode probe system for a 3D blood flow rate sensor.

The whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated by light propagating within a nonlinear micro-ring resonator, which is modeled and made by an InGaAsP/InP material, and called a Panda ring resonator. An imaging probe can also be formed by the micro-conjugate mirror function for the appropriate Panda ring parameter control. The 3D WGM probe can be generated and used for a 3D sensor head and imaging probe. The analytical details and simulation results are given, in which the simulation results are obtained by using the MATLAB and Optiwave programs. From the obtained results, such a design system can be configured to be a thin-film sensor system that can contact the sample surface for the required measurements The outputs of the system are in the form of a WGM beam, in which the 3D WGM probe is also available with the micro-conjugate mirror function. Such a 3D probe can penetrate into the blood vessel and content, from which the time delay among those probes can be detected and measured, and where finally the blood flow rate can be calculated and the blood content 3D image can also be seen and used for medical diagnosis. The tested results have shown that the blood flow rate of 0.72-1.11 µs-1, with the blood density of 1060 kgm-3, can be obtained.

Molecular transport network security using multi-wavelength optical spins.

Multi-wavelength generation system using an optical spin within the modified add-drop optical filter known as a PANDA ring resonator for molecular transport network security is proposed. By using the dark-bright soliton pair control, the optical capsules can be constructed and applied to securely transport the trapped molecules within the network. The advantage is that the dark and bright soliton pair (components) can securely propagate for long distance without electromagnetic interference. In operation, the optical intensity from PANDA ring resonator is fed into gold nano-antenna, where the surface plasmon oscillation between soliton pair and metallic waveguide is established.

Detection of Salmonella bacterium in drinking water using microring resonator.

A new microring resonator system is proposed for the detection of the Salmonella bacterium in drinking water, which is made up of SiO2-TiO2 waveguide embedded inside thin film layer of the flagellin. The change in refractive index due to the binding of the Salmonella bacterium with flagellin layer causes a shift in the output signal wavelength and the variation in through and drop port's intensities, which leads to the detection of Salmonella bacterium in drinking water. The sensitivity of proposed sensor for detecting of Salmonella bacterium in water solution is 149 nm/RIU and the limit of detection is 7 × 10(-4)RIU.

Remote artificial eyes using micro-optical circuit for long-distance 3D imaging perception.

A small-scale optical device incorporated with an optical nano-antenna is designed to operate as the remote artificial eye using a tiny conjugate mirror. A basic device known as a conjugate mirror can be formed using the artificial eye device, the partially reflected light intensities from input source are interfered and the 3D whispering gallery modes formed within the ring centers, which can be modulated and propagated to the object. The image pixel is obtained at the center ring and linked with the optic nerve in the remote area via the nano-antenna, which is useful for blind people.

High-capacity and security molecular capsule transporters.

Multiwavelength optical capsules can be generated and controlled by using soliton/Gaussian pulses within a nonlinear device system known as a "PANDA" ring circuit and system. The security of molecule/drug transportation can be formed by the strong coupling of soliton-like pulse, where the high-capacity optical capsules can be formed using the multiwavelength solitons, which can be a good advantage and combination of drug delivery to the required targets. Moreover, the multiple access of drug delivery can be formed using the optical networks, which allows the use of various drug molecules with variety of diagnosis and therapeutic applications.

Fringe patterns generated by micro-optical sensors for pattern recognition.

We present a new result of pattern recognition generation scheme using a small-scale optical muscle sensing system, which consisted of an optical add-drop filter incorporating two nonlinear optical side ring resonators. When light from laser source enters into the system, the device is stimulated by an external physical parameter that introduces a change in the phase of light propagation within the sensing device, which can be formed by the interference fringe patterns. Results obtained have shown that the fringe patterns can be used to form the relationship between signal patterns and fringe pattern recognitions.

Medical image visual appearance improvement using bihistogram Bezier curve contrast enhancement: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Well-defined image can assist user to identify region of interest during segmentation. However, complex medical image is usually characterized by poor tissue contrast and low background luminance. The contrast improvement can lift image visual quality, but the fundamental contrast enhancement methods often overlook the sudden jump problem. In this work, the proposed bihistogram Bezier curve contrast enhancement introduces the concept of "adequate contrast enhancement" to overcome sudden jump problem in knee magnetic resonance image. Since every image produces its own intensity distribution, the adequate contrast enhancement checks on the image's maximum intensity distortion and uses intensity discrepancy reduction to generate Bezier transform curve. The proposed method improves tissue contrast and preserves pertinent knee features without compromising natural image appearance. Besides, statistical results from Fisher's Least Significant Difference test and the Duncan test have consistently indicated that the proposed method outperforms fundamental contrast enhancement methods to exalt image visual quality. As the study is limited to relatively small image database, future works will include a larger dataset with osteoarthritic images to assess the clinical effectiveness of the proposed method to facilitate the image inspection.

Modeling and analysis of a microresonating biosensor for detection of Salmonella bacteria in human blood.

A new photonics biosensor configuration comprising a Double-side Ring Add-drop Filter microring resonator (DR-ADF) made from SiO2-TiO2 material is proposed for the detection of Salmonella bacteria (SB) in blood. The scattering matrix method using inductive calculation is used to determine the output signal's intensities in the blood with and without presence of Salmonella. The change in refractive index due to the reaction of Salmonella bacteria with its applied antibody on the flagellin layer loaded on the sensing and detecting microresonator causes the increase in through and dropper port's intensities of the output signal which leads to the detection of SB in blood. A shift in the output signal wavelength is observed with resolution of 0.01 nm. The change in intensity and shift in wavelength is analyzed with respect to the change in the refractive index which contributes toward achieving an ultra-high sensitivity of 95,500 nm/RIU which is almost two orders higher than that of reported from single ring sensors and the limit of detection is in the order of 1 × 10(-8) RIU. In applications, such a system can be employed for a high sensitive and fast detection of bacteria.

Muscle sensor model using small scale optical device for pattern recognitions.

A new sensor system for measuring contraction and relaxation of muscles by using a PANDA ring resonator is proposed. The small scale optical device is designed and configured to perform the coupling effects between the changes in optical device phase shift and human facial muscle movement, which can be used to form the relationship between optical phase shift and muscle movement. By using the Optiwave and MATLAB programs, the results obtained have shown that the measurement of the contraction and relaxation of muscles can be obtained after the muscle movements, in which the unique pattern of individual muscle movement from facial expression can be established. The obtained simulation results, that is, interference signal patterns, can be used to form the various pattern recognitions, which are useful for the human machine interface and the human computer interface application and discussed in detail.